Universal EMF Equation: $V_{rms} = 4.44 \cdot f \cdot N \cdot B_{max} \cdot A_e$

• Primary Turns: $N_p = \frac{V_p}{4.44 \cdot f \cdot B_{max} \cdot A_e}$
• Area Product Requirement: $A_p = A_e \cdot A_w = \frac{S \cdot 10^4}{4.44 \cdot f \cdot B_{max} \cdot k_w \cdot J}$
• Winding Temp: $T_w = T_a + P_{cu} \cdot (R_{\theta ca} + R_{\theta wc})$
• Operating Flux: $B_{op} = \frac{V_p}{4.44 \cdot f \cdot N_p \cdot A_e}$ — if $B_{op} > B_{max}$, core saturates

Parameter Extraction:

• $P_{oc} \approx P_{core} \implies R_c = \frac{V_{oc}^2}{P_{oc}}$
• $I_c = \frac{V_{oc}}{R_c}$, $I_m = \sqrt{I_{oc}^2 - I_c^2} \implies X_m = \frac{V_{oc}}{I_m}$
• $P_{sc} \approx P_{copper} \implies R_{eq} = \frac{P_{sc}}{I_{sc}^2}$
• $Z_{eq} = \frac{V_{sc}}{I_{sc}}$, $X_{eq} = \sqrt{Z_{eq}^2 - R_{eq}^2}$