1. Buck Converter: $D = \frac{V_{out} + V_d}{V_{in} + V_d}, \quad L_{min} = \frac{(V_{in} - V_{out}) D}{r \cdot I_{out} \cdot f_{sw}}$

2. Boost Converter: $D = \frac{V_{out} - V_{in} + V_d}{V_{out} + V_d}, \quad L_{min} = \frac{V_{in} \cdot D}{r \cdot \frac{I_{out}}{1-D} \cdot f_{sw}}$

3. Isolated Flyback: $\frac{N_p}{N_s} = \frac{V_{in\_min} \cdot D_{max}}{(V_{out} + V_d)(1 - D_{max})}, \quad V_{ds\_max} = V_{in\_max} + \frac{N_p}{N_s}(V_{out} + V_d) + V_{spike}$

4. Output Capacitor Sizing: For buck, $\Delta V_{out} \approx \frac{\Delta I_L}{8 f_{sw} C_{out}} + \Delta I_L \cdot ESR$. For boost/flyback, $C_{out} \ge \frac{I_{out} D_{max}}{f_{sw} \Delta V_{out}}$.