Aerodynamic Drag: $F_{drag} = \frac{1}{2} \rho v^2 C_d A$ (where $\rho \approx 1.225 \text{ kg/m}^3$)

Rolling Resistance: $F_{roll} = C_{rr} \cdot m \cdot g$

Total Tractive Force (Cruise): $F_{total} = F_{drag} + F_{roll}$

Mechanical Power: $P_m = F_{total} \cdot v$ (where v is in m/s)

Electrical Power: $P_e = \frac{P_m}{\eta_{drivetrain}}$