Winding Factor ($K_w$): Indicates how effectively the winding utilizes the magnetic flux. $K_w = K_p imes K_d$ (Pitch factor $ imes$ Distribution factor).

Cogging Torque: The number of cogging steps per mechanical revolution is the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the number of Stator Slots ($N_s$) and Rotor Poles ($N_p$). A higher LCM generally means smoother rotation and lower cogging torque.

Rule of Thumb: Configurations where $N_s = N_p \pm 1$ or $N_s = N_p \pm 2$ (e.g. 12N14P) often yield very high winding factors and smooth operation for BLDC outrunners.